This study aimed to provide a multilevel explanation of migration intention by combining individual-level data from the 2023 National Survey of Values and Attitudes of Iranians (n = 15,609) with province-level indicators (human development, urbanization, the Gini coefficient, and employment rate). A two-level logistic regression model was estimated using HLM 6. The results showed that about two-fifths of respondents reported an intention to migrate. At the individual level, age was negatively and significantly associated with migration intention (OR = 0.506, p < 0.001), and married individuals were less likely than singles to report such intention (OR = 0.679, p < 0.001), while men were more inclined to migrate than women (OR = 0.788, p < 0.001). In addition, higher educational attainment was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of migration intention (OR = 0.957, p = 0.039). At the provincial level, the Human Development Index (HDI) (OR = 1.048, p = 0.029) and urbanization (OR = 0.991, p = 0.047) were significantly related to migration intention. Overall, the findings highlight the multilevel nature of migration intention in Iran and underscore the need to consider both individual-level factors and regional differences in development.